Bipolar transistor
A small base current into an NPN transistor swells into a much larger collector current down the same envelope.
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Circuitry
15 animationsBridge rectifier
A four-diode bridge conducts on alternating diagonals, folding both halves of the input wave onto one polarity.
CSSCapacitor
Charge stacks onto two parallel plates along an exponential curve, then bleeds back off it on the discharge.
CSSDiode
A diode passes the forward half of an alternating cycle and blocks the reverse half, the carrier train halting at the cathode bar.
CSSInductor
Current ramps through a four-lobe coil and flux arcs swell around it, then collapse as the current falls away.
CSSInverting stage
An input step into an inverting op-amp drives the output the opposite way and twice as far, scaled by the feedback ratio.
CSSKirchhoff current law
One current enters a node and two leave it, the two outgoing shares always summing to the incoming one.
CSSKirchhoff voltage law
A pen walks the potential around a closed loop, rising at the cell and stepping down at each resistor to land back on zero.
CSSMOSFET channel
Gate voltage rises past the threshold mark and the drain-source channel of a MOSFET lights into conduction, then dims below it.
CSSParallel network
Current arriving at a parallel pair splits by conductance, the low-resistance branch running a denser, faster carrier stream.
CSSResistor
Charge carriers crawl through a zigzag resistor while the potential-drop bracket across its terminals fills and empties.
CSSSeries network
One carrier stream passes through two series resistors while their two voltage drops stack to fill the supply bar exactly.
CSSUnity-gain buffer
An op-amp follower drives its output until the inverting input has caught the non-inverting one and the error closes.
CSSVoltage divider
The tap of a resistive divider slides and the node marker settles to a new level between the supply and ground rails.
CSSZener clamp
Reverse voltage across a Zener diode climbs to the breakdown knee and then holds flat while the applied rail keeps rising.
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